Corrections and the Criminal Justice System - 1166 Words

Corrections describes the punishment of offenders for the crimes they have committed. Corrections does not always mean punishment; in the United States they expect their inmates to read the bible to reflect on their wrongdoings. In the criminal justice system there are three major components: police, courts, and corrections. The police investigate crimes and arrest suspects handing over the evidence and investigative information to the court system. Prosecutors determine whether a crime has been committed and if it is probable cause to believe that the suspect has committed the crime. If the offender is found guilty, the court sentences him or her to the appropriate sentence within the penal code. Part of corrections includes probation, prison, parole, residential community placement, and revocation of probation and parole. However, there are a couple of things that do not fall under the correctional system, they are supervision during bail, detention in jail, diversion programs, and intermediate sanctions. Corrections is believed to be responsible for administering punishment to criminals. They prevent future crime through deterrence and incapacitation, limiting offenders the opportunity to commit further crimes, or reducing their inclination to commit crimes as a result of correctional treatments. In the Criminal Justice world the jail and prisons play an extremely important role to society. These facilities have a history just like any other part of Criminal Justice,Show MoreRelatedCorrections And The Criminal Justice System2445 Words   |  10 PagesCorrections Corrections is a component of the criminal justice system and refers to the array of programs, services, facilities and organizations responsible for managing offenders or those who have been accused of committing a crime. Incarceration and probation are two of the basic ways that punishment is applied. If someone is a repeat offender or commits a more serious crime, they are more likely to be incarcerated, which means they are imprisoned. If someone is a first time offender or commitsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System and its Corrections Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesThe criminal justice system is composed of four categories: law enforcement, legal counsel, courts, and corrections. I am going to focus on one of these subjects and the problems or issues that are within the corrections part of criminal justice usually refers to the events that occur after being sentenced in a court of law. During the past few decades many problems have arisen in this area, solutions have been di scussed and put into use over the years as well. However, there are still problems thatRead MoreCorrections in teh Criminal Justice System1076 Words   |  4 PagesWhen most people hear the term, â€Å"corrections† they probably think of prisons, striped uniforms, cellblocks, armed guards, and surly prisoners. Part of American corrections is prisons, but corrections is much more than that. Corrections includes prisons, jails, halfway houses, group homes, probation, parole, intensive supervision, electric monitoring, restitution programs, victim-offender mediation, and even the death penalty. Corrections can be defined as all that society does to and with offendersRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System, Corrections And Their Intersection With Race And Gender Essay1883 Words   |  8 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex system with many layers and a rich history in the United States. Over the years, we have discovered what works and what does not, even today we are st ill learning and debating what’s right and what’s wrong with in this system. This article will discuss three components of the criminal justice system policing, courts, corrections and their intersection with race and gender. Topics include the death penalty, sentencing disparities, racial profiling, stop andRead MoreCriminal Justice System : Crime, Policing, Courts, And Corrections3651 Words   |  15 PagesThe analysis of a Criminal Justice System should take place in four sections: crime, policing, courts, and corrections. Crime occurs ubiquitously in the world; crime is so common that there is an entire profession made to study why crime occurs, there is also another profession meant to enforce the laws that define what is criminal. South Korea, like most other countries, has a common requirement to enter their criminal justice system: committing a crime is the first step in the process. The mostRead MoreRehabilitation And Corrections : The Most Significant Parts Of The Criminal Justice System Essay2030 Words   |  9 Pages Rehabilitation and corrections is one of the most significant parts of the criminal justice system. It helps people, it is focused around people and getting them back into society. If they have an anger issue, corrections handles it. If there is a drug issue, corrections will handle it. People who have had a criminal history and struggle getting a job, corrections will help you find a job! Twin County recovery services is an outpatient service for greene county that is about rehabilitating and re-enteringRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is A Big Part Of Why We Have Order1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a big part of why we have order. If there was no criminal justice system and its components that keep it running, the population would run wild. There are three major components of the criminal justice system, the criminal courts, corrections, and law enforcement. These components help uphold the law and protect people from others who do break the law. The world is not perfect, but there have been many examples in real life and in literature and films that show whatRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 PagesPART 1 PUTTING CORRECTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE Chapter 1 The History of Crime and Corrections CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Define the term corrections, and know how correctional agencies fulfill their mission of protecting society. 2. Identify how corrections can impact the crime rate by understanding the concept of the correctional funnel. 3. Outline the growth of corrections over the past two decades, and describe why the scope of correctionalRead MoreCriminal Justice System Paper803 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice System Paper CJA/204 Vonnie Cooper March 28, 2011 Ken Salmon The word â€Å"crime† means an illegal action that is prohibited by law or a breakage of certain laws set forth by the criminal justice system. When someoneRead More The Criminal Justice System Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe criminal justice system is composed of three parts – Police, Courts and Corrections – and all three work together to protect an individual’s rights and the rights of society to live without fear of being a victim of crime. According to merriam-webster.com, crime is defined as â€Å"an act that is forbidden or omission of a duty that is commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law.† When all the three parts work together, it makes the criminal justice system

Word Lab 2 Ch 3 Free Essays

————————————————- Jonner Public Library Jonner Public Library 4992 Surrey Court, Jonner, MA 02198 ? 291-555-9454 ? Web Address: www. jpl. net March 10, 2012 Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Word Lab 2 Ch 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brent Jackson 5153 Anlyn Drive Jonner, MA 02198 Dear Mr. Jackson: Thank you for registering online for our spring classes. As a library patron, you are aware that we offer a great deal more than books and magazines. The table below outlines the classes for which you have registered, along with the dates and locations: Class| Date| Location| Intro to Windows 7| April 10| Room 10B| eBay Basics| April 18| Room 24C| Genealogy Searches| April 24| Room 10B| Overview of Office 2010| April 28| Room 22A| Note that all classes, regardless of date, begin at 10:00 a. m. and last four hours. Although no materials or textbooks are required for the classes, you are strongly encouraged to bring the following items: * Pens, pencils, or other writing implements * Blank CD or DVD to store documents and notes created during class * Notebook or loose-leaf binder for handwritten notes Your valid library card to verify enrollment eligibility Please note that no food or drinks are allowed in any of our computer facilities. If you have any questions or would like to register for additional courses, please contact me at (291) 555-9454 or via e-mail at mtlawrence@jpl. net. Again, thank you for your interest in and continued patronage of Jonner Public Library. We look forward to seeing you when your first class begins. Sincerely, Marcia Lawrence H ead Librarian How to cite Word Lab 2 Ch 3, Essay examples

Benefits and Disadvantages of Saas Free Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What is SaaS and outline its benefit and disadvantages. Explain your answer.2.What business risks had Liberty Wines faced?.3.What data and IT Problems were limiting FinCENs ability to Fight Financial Crime? Answers: 1.SaaS is the abbreviated form of Software as a Service is also known as a software which is on demand. In this software delivery model software and the information related to the same are stored in a centralised system and contacted with the help of a thin client which is generally a web browser via the internet such as Wikipedia. The said product is not required to be purchased and installed separately in a fix location (Clair, 2010). All it requires the user to pay a subscription fee and then pay as needed. The benefits offers by SaaS are as under: The capital investment in the hardware and software is very less. The service can be upgraded without adding any servers. The IT department can look into some other area of concern as SaaS does not demand any sort of maintenance. The software can be easily updated without disturbing the daily work of the organization. The disadvantages of using SaaS are as under: Exposure to sticker shock by the organizations is a very big drawback that SaaS offers. Even if at the outlook it may seem to be a cheap method of maintaining data but the additions that are to be made of various services as and when needed turns out to be very expensive. Vendor viability is a problem as there are many vendors in the market offering SaaS at a very low cost. Lastly it even fails to incorporate the new system with the one already installed in the organization. (McLellan, 2013) 2.Liberty Wines faced the biggest risk associated with the IT system which was installed in the organization since it was not of the latest version. The system was too outdated to cope up with the rising volume of data so much that the employees failed to reply to the customer queries on time. IT infrastructure of Liberty Wine had a negative impact on the competitive advantage of the company. It is not being able to sustain the expanding business requirements therefore leading toa loss of clientele. However, shifting of the companys IT system to virtualisation has benefited the company in the many ways. The same is illustrated below: First and foremost the Companys impact on the carbon footprint of the environment has got reduced by 60 percent due to reduction in the power and the usage of the number of air conditioners. The number of physical servers have also reduced to only three from ten along with one extra server for the purpose of server in case of any emergency or crashing of the system. The reduction led to savings in the office space thus reducing the cost as well. The App introduced by Liberty Wines was fast enough to help the employees interact with ease with the customers demands and questions without much of delay (Metzler 2011). 3.FinCen was unable to fight financial crime successfully before 2008 as the IT system installed was outdated which did not have the capability to process huge volumes of data regarding the money laundering and terrorism at the right time. Usage of off-line system instead of an online system also was a cause for the delay in distribution of data to the required agencies and bureaus who could then take an action against the said crime. FinCen should upgrade its present IT system in vogue along with the analytical potentials. If it upgrades its system then the bureau will be able to process data well on time. For the same tey have even launched an App to support the real time availability of data of the past 11 years to the various users such as government officials and law enforcement agencies. Financial intelligence is dependent upon successful scrutinising of the data which would depict all kind of illegal activities clearly. The same is very crucial for the national security as well as these financial agencies help to find out if any kind of illegitimate work is being carried out in the country which could impact the safety and security of the people staying. There main aim is to find out if any danger is about to approach and if so make the country aware so that adequate steps to mitigate the same are taken (Lowers, 2015). Recently Ann Martin an associate of FinCen had detected the financial crime which was taking place between USA and Mexico where the latter was supplying drug pills in USA and the proceeds were being deposited in a local bank and wired back to USA. She analysed the big data set and found out the entire of such an act and informed the Mexican Government (Davidson, 2011). The same was possible because of the fact that FinCen had also upgraded its IT system well enough to help perform such analysis. References Clair,G.S. (2010). Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Retrieved from https://smr-knowledge.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/EOS-SaaS-White-Paper-2008.pdf Davidson,J. (2011). Rewards of federal service. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/rewards-of-federal-service/2011/09/15/gIQAMoPcVK_story.html?utm_term=.8231a02babd0 Lowers,M. (2015). The role of FinCen in BSA/AML. Retrieved from https://www.lowersriskgroup.com/blog/2015/03/30/role-of-fincen-in-bsa-aml/ McLellan,C. (2013). SaaS: Pros, cons and leading vendors. Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/article/saas-pros-cons-and-leading-vendors/ Metzler,J. (2011). Virtualisation : Benefits, Challenges, and Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.stotthoare.com.au/sites/default/files/files/1_16100_WhitePaper_VirtualizationBenefits_by_Webtorials.pdf

Motivating Employee During the Crisis Challenges and Directions

Company of Case Study: Dubai Real Estate Corporation, Wasl Properties Using the DREC and Wasl properties case, the company must resolve problems arising from noncompliance with all company policies being implemented (Robbins and Judge, 2007). The research of WASL and DREC is grounded on identifying possible internal conflicts and instituting policies to prevent escalation of misunderstanding and conflicts between employees and between departments of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Motivating Employee During the Crisis: Challenges and Directions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Specifically, the research focuses on the organizational structure of the company called DREC. The research focuses on the functions and responsibilities of the company’s officers and employee. The officers must motivate its employees by directing them to the best solution to all challenges. Organization basic structure and functions. The officers and employees must comply with their reporting duties and responsibilities using the organizational chart. The organizational chart shows that WASL Organization is monitored by the board of directors. The chief executive officer, Mr. Hesham Al Qassim, reports directly to the board of directors. The chief operating officer, Mr. Adbulla Obaidalla, reports to the chief executive officer. Dubai Golf’s Christopher May reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The general manager for land assets management, Mr. Omer Al Maydoor, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The general manager for facilities management, Mr. Mohammed Khoory, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The general manager for property management, Mr. Zainab Mohammed, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The general manager for projects management, Mr. Nabil Al Khaja, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The general manager for business development, Mr. Adjitya Srivastav a, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The general manager for hospitality, Mr. Abdulbasit Al Hai, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The chief financial officer, Mr. Abdulkhaliq Ahmed, reports to the Chief Executive Officer. Further, there are employees reporting directly to the Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Abdulla Obaidalla.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The general manager of procurement and administration, Mr. Ahmed Al Sheryani, reports to the Chief Operating Officer. The Interim general manager for Marcom, Mr. Ahmed Al Sheryani, reports to the Chief Operating Officer. The general manager for human resources, Mr. Jassem Al Jasmi, reports to the Chief Operating Officer. The head of legal and board affairs, Mr. Roula Zahar, reports to the Chief Operating Officer. The head of business excellence, Mr. Satish Paryarath, reports to the Chief Operating Officer. Culture. Derek Torrington (2008) reiterated the two companies’ culture are grounded on the complying with all relevant company policies. Failure to comply with the company’s policy may result to termination or suspension. In terms of applying for a job, the job applicants are required to have good behavior or conduct. The job applicant must be at least 18 years old. The job applicant must posses the minimum requirements stated for a vacant job position. The requirements include the applicant’s educational requirements. The applicant must also have the minimum amount of experience for each job applied for. The applicant should have the competencies need for a job. For example, the accounting staff applicant should have a minimum amount of accounting work experience or the corresponding academic units in accounting. In addition, the applicant should have the necessary skills to perform one’s job responsibilities. For example, a welder must have education or practical welding experience gained from prior jobs. The applicant should pass all assessment requirements to be admitted to the company. In addition, the applicant must be mentally fit for the vacant position. The company prioritizes the hiring of local United Arab Emirates applicants over the foreign job applicants. The company also hires local residents with special needs with a few job responsibilities. Further, John Ivancevich (2006) theorized the two companies interview applicants in order to determine the applicant’s capacity to implement job responsibilities on time and with quality. The interviews will determine if the job applicant can easily achieve sales performance targets as well as monthly production and sales benchmarks. The company will send thank you letter to applicants who did not pass the application process. The selected applicant will be given an employment contract.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Motivating Employee During the Crisis: Challenges and Directions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Robert Mathis (2010) emphasized the general manager of each department recommends the increase of each subordinate’s salaries or wages. The general managers can recommend the promotion of one or more subordinates under the general manager’s department or section. The general manager can report to the human resource department its human resources needs. The general manager has a hand in the scrutinizing if the subordinate has to be retrenched. The general manager has the authority to reprimand or suspend subordinates found violating the departments’ policies, procedures, and other internal rules. The manager has the authority to send the greenhorn employees and other subordinates for further job training. The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer can focus on compensation decisions. Both the Chief Executive Office r and the Chief Operating Officer can approve spot awards for deserving employees. The same Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer can approve awards and rewards to employees who excel in their job responsibilities. Similarly, both officers can waive payments. However, the waiver must be based on the recommendations of the department managers and other superiors of the employees. The human resource officers can recommend to both Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operating Officer the waiving of the employees’ salaries, increase, and promotions. The department heads can request for the reprimand, suspensions, or termination of erring subordinates. The same department heads can recommend the retraining of subordinates to improve their current production performance. The officers of the company may request for the retrenchment of employees who refuse to accept a change in work assignments. The officers can request for the salary increase, promotion, or rewar ds for subordinates surpassing production and sales benchmarks.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Ronald Sims (2007) stated the company officers and employees should adhere to the company’s policy of conducting themselves and the business with the highest standards of legal, moral integrity, and ethical standards. Discrimination should be avoided. The officers and employees should endeavor to comply with the company’s vision and mission. The company officers must ensure that all new employees are briefed with the latest company policies. The employees are trained before they are assigned to each company equipment or job function to reduce damage. Damage usually occurs when the newly hired employed is at a lost when performing one’s job function. The supervisor or head must monitor and guide the new employee to ensure faster learning of the proper job performance. Environment. Jon Werner (2008) theorized the employees must work the safe and comfortable environment. Further, the employees’ work condition should be conducive to inspiring the employees to excel in their job responsibilities. The workplace must be well-ventilated. There is enough space for the worker to perform one’s function in a very comfortable manner. The company can also hire applicants by asking fellow workers to refer a friend or relative for the jobs vacancy. The hiring of relatives is discouraged, except when the chief executive officer allows such practices. The employees should be given the best opportunity to grow with the company. Seminars and additional trainings will help the employees enhance the quality of the production outputs. Work flow processes. The work process must comply with the line and staff organizational chart. The subordinate of the facilities management department should not perform the job of a subordinate of the lands asset department. The subordinate of the hospitality department should not perform the job of a subordinate of the property management department. The subordinate of the projects management departmen t should not perform the job of a subordinate of the business development department. Further, the general manager of the property management department should not report to the chief operating officer. The general manager of the property management department should not report to the chief operating officer. The general manager of the lands asset management department should not report to the chief operating officer. Similarly, the general manager of the facilities department should not report to the chief operating officer. OB link to the processes. The OB link to the processes should be implemented. Elwood Holton (2003) proposed the manager cannot hire a new employee without the approval of the human resource officer. The human resource manager should not increase the salary of an employee without the recommendation of the employee’s manager. The manager of the property management department cannot force an employee of the land assets department to perform the job of the p roperty management department’s absent subordinate. Based on the above discussion, the two companies, WASL and DRECT, must resolve problems arising from noncompliance with all company policies being implemented. The research of WASL and DREC is grounded on identifying possible internal conflicts and instituting policies to prevent escalation of misunderstanding and conflicts between employees and between departments of the organization. Specifically, the research focuses on the organizational structure of the company called DREC. The research focuses on the functions and responsibilities of the company’s officers and employee. All employees and officers must comply with company policies in order to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Indeed, the officers must motivate its employees by directing them to the best solution to all challenges. References Holton, E. (2003) Approaches to Training and Development. New York, Basic Press. Ivancevich, J. (2006) Human Res ource Management. New York, McGraw Hill Press. Mathis, Robert. (2010) Human Resource Management. New York, Cengage Press. Robbins, S Judge, T (2007). Organizational Behaviour. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Sims, R. (2007) Human Resource Management. New York: IA Press. Torrington, D. (2008) Human Resource Management. New York: Financial Times Press. Werner, J. (2008) Human Resource Development. New York: Cengage Press. This case study on Motivating Employee During the Crisis: Challenges and Directions was written and submitted by user Kaylynn Hebert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Standard English Definitions and Controversies

Standard English Definitions and Controversies In the entry for Standard English in  The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), Tom McArthur observes that this widely used term...resists easy definition but is used as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to. For some of those people, Standard English (SE) is a synonym for good or correct English usage. Others use the term to refer to a specific geographical dialect of English or a dialect favored by the most powerful and prestigious social group. Some linguists argue that there really is no single standard of English. It may be revealing to examine some of the presumptions that lie behind these various interpretations. The following commentsfrom linguists, lexicographers, grammarians, and journalistsare offered in the spirit of fostering discussion rather than resolving all the many complex issues that surround the term Standard English. Controversies and Observations About Standard English A Highly Elastic and Variable Term [W]hat counts as Standard English will depend on both the locality and the particular varieties that Standard English is being contrasted with. A form that is considered standard in one region may be nonstandard in another, and a form that is standard by contrast with one variety (for example the language of inner-city African Americans) may be considered nonstandard by contrast with the usage of middle-class professionals. No matter how it is interpreted, however, Standard English in this sense shouldnt be regarded as being necessarily correct or unexceptionable, since it will include many kinds of language that could be faulted on various grounds, like the language of corporate memos and television advertisements or the conversations of middle-class high-school students. Thus while the term can serve a useful descriptive purpose providing the context makes its meaning clear, it shouldnt be construed as conferring any absolute positive evaluation. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, 2000) What Standard English Is Not (i) It is not an arbitrary, a priori description of English, or of a form of English, devised by reference to standards of moral value, or literary merit, or supposed linguistic purity, or any other metaphysical yardstickin short, Standard English cannot be defined or described in terms such as the best English, or literary English, or Oxford English, or BBC English.(ii) It is not defined by reference to the usage of any particular group of English-users, and especially not by reference to a social classStandard English is not upper class English and it is encountered across the whole social spectrum, though not necessarily in equivalent use by all members of all classes.(iii) It is not statistically the most frequently occurring form of English, so that standard here does not mean most often heard.(iv) It is not imposed upon those who use it. True, its use by an individual may be largely the result of a long process of education; but Standard English is neither the product of lingui stic planning or philosophy (for example as exists for French in the deliberations of the Academie Francaise, or policies devised in similar terms for Hebrew, Irish, Welsh, Bahasa Malaysia, etc); nor is it a closely-defined norm whose use and maintenance is monitored by some quasi-official body, with penalties imposed for non-use or mis-use. Standard English evolved: it was not produced by conscious design. (Peter Strevens, What Is Standard English? RELC Journal, Singapore, 1981) Written English and Spoken English There are many grammar books, dictionaries and guides to English usage which describe and give advice on the standard English that appears in writing...[T]hese books are widely used for guidance on what constitutes standard English. However, there is often also a tendency to apply these judgments, which are about written English, to spoken English. But the norms of spoken and written language are not the same; people dont talk like books even in the most formal of situations or contexts. If you cant refer to a written norm to describe spoken language, then, as we have seen, you base your judgments on the speech of the best people, the educated or higher social classes. But basing your judgments on the usage of the educated is not without its difficulties. Speakers, even educated ones, use a variety of different forms... (Linda Thomas, Ishtla Singh, Jean Stilwell Peccei, and Jason Jones, Language, Society and Power: An Introduction. Routledge, 2004) Although Standard English is the kind of English in which all native speakers learn to read and write, most people do not actually speak it. (Peter Trudgill and Jean Hannah,  International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 5th ed. Routledge, 2013) Standard English Is a Dialect If Standard English is not therefore a language, an accent, a style or a register, then of course we are obliged to say what it actually is. The answer is, as at least most British sociolinguists are agreed, that Standard English is a dialect...Standard English is simply one variety of English among many. It is a sub-variety of English... Historically, we can say that Standard English was selected (though of course, unlike many other languages, not by any overt or conscious decision) as the variety to become the standard variety precisely because it was the variety associated with the social group with the highest degree of power, wealth and prestige. Subsequent developments have reinforced its social character: the fact that it has been employed as the dialect of an education to which pupils, especially in earlier centuries, have had differential access depending on their social class background. (Peter Trudgill, Standard English: What It Isn’t, in Standard English: The Widening Debate, edited by Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts. Routledge, 1999) The Official Dialect In countries where the majority speak English as their first language one dialect is used nationally for official purposes. It is called Standard English. Standard English is the national dialect that generally appears in print. It is taught in schools, and students are expected to use it in their essays. It is the norm for dictionaries and grammars. We expect to find it in official typed communications, such as letters from government officials, solicitors, and accountants. We expect to hear it in national news broadcasts and documentary programmes on radio or television. Within each national variety the standard dialect is relatively homogeneous in grammar, vocabulary, spelling, and punctuation (Sidney Greenbaum, An Introduction to English Grammar. Longman, 1991) The Grammar of Standard English The grammar of Standard English is much more stable and uniform than its pronunciation or word stock: there is remarkably little dispute about what is grammatical (in compliance with the rules of grammar) and what isnt. Of course, the small number of controversial points that there aretrouble spots like who versus whomget all the public discussion in language columns and letters to the editor, so it may seem as if there is much turmoil; but the passions evinced over such problematic points should not obscure the fact that for the vast majority of questions about whats allowed in Standard English, the answers are clear. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006) The Guardians of Standard English The so-called native speakers of standard Englishes are those people who have somehow espoused a particular set of conventions that loosely have to do with the way English has been codified and prescribed in dictionaries, grammar books and guides to good speaking and writing. This group of people includes a large number of those who, having espoused the conventions, nevertheless do not consider themselves to be excellent users of those conventions. For many of these so-called native speakers the English language is a unique entity that exists outside or beyond its users. Rather than considering themselves owners of English, users often think of themselves as guardians of something precious: they wince when they hear or read uses of English that they consider to be sub-standard, and they worry, in their letters to newspapers, that the language is becoming degraded... Those who do feel they have rights and privileges, who have a sense of ownership of the English language and who can make pronouncements about what is or is not acceptable, as well as those to whom these attributes are accorded by others, do not necessarily belong to a speech community whose members learned English in infancy. Native speakers of non-standard varieties of English, in other words, the majority of native speakers of English, have never had any real authority over Standard English and have never owned it. The actual proprietors may, after all, simply be those who have learned thoroughly how to use a standard English to enjoy the sense of empowerment that comes with it. So those who make authoritative pronouncements about a standard English are simply those who, irrespective of accidents of birth, have elevated themselves, or been elevated, to positions of authority in academe or publishing or in other public areas. Whether or not their pronouncements will continue to be accepted is another matter. (Paul Roberts, Set Us Free From Standard English. The Guardian, January 24, 2002) Toward a Definition of SE From the dozens of definitions [of Standard English] available in the literature on English, we may extract five essential characteristics. On this basis, we may define the Standard English of an English-speaking country as a minority variety (identified chiefly by its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography) which carries most prestige and is most widely understood. (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003) SE is a variety of Englisha distinctive combination of linguistic features with a particular role to play...The linguistic features of SE are chiefly matters of grammar, vocabulary, and orthography (spelling and punctuation). It is important to note that SE is not a matter of pronunciation. . . .SE is the variety of English which carries most prestige within a country... In the words of one US linguist, SE is the English used by the powerful.The prestige attached to SE is recognized by adult members of the community, and this motivates them to recommend SE as a desirable educational target...Although SE is widely understood, it is not widely produced. Only a minority of people within a country...actually use it when they talk...Similarly, when they writeitself a minority activitythe consistent use of SE is required only in certain tasks (such as a letter to a newspaper, but not necessarily to a close friend). More than anywhere else, SE is to be found in print. The Ongoing Debate It is in fact a great pity that the standard English debate is marred by the sort of conceptual confusions and political posturings (no matter how poorly expressed) ...For  I think there are genuine questions to be asked about what we might mean by standards in relation to speech and writing. There is a great deal to be done in this respect and proper arguments to be made, but one thing is clear for sure. The answer does not lie in some simple-minded recourse to the practice of the best authors or the admired literature of the past, valuable though that writing is. Nor does the answer reside in rules for speech laid down by either the educated of any official body held to be able to guarantee spoken correctness. The answers to the real questions will be found to be much more complex, difficult and challenging than those currently on offer. For these reasons they might be more successful. (Tony Crowley, Curiouser and Curiouser: Falling Standards in the Standard English Debate, in Standard English: The Widening Debate, edited by Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts. Routledge, 1999)

Should smoking be outlawed in public areas Essay

Should smoking be outlawed in public areas - Essay Example public places should be outlawed, because it causes passive smoking, where those who are not smoking and perhaps are not smokers end up inhaling the smoke. This passive smoking has various effects; causes cancer, irritation, complications in children, fertility problems among others. Tobacco smoke includes over 4000 chemicals in the form of particles, and in these, approximately 60 substances contained in the tobacco smoke are known to causes of cancer. Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by smoking. It is estimated that passive smokers have a 25% chance of developing lung cancer. Passive smoking causes irritation especially to non-smokers. The irritation may be visible irritation, but cigarette smoke is known to contain substances that cause irritation to the tissues of the respiratory system. There can also be irritation of the eye, causes cough, migraines, dizziness, nausea and other forms of irritation that the different non-smokers may exhibit. Children’s’ immune system is not fully developed, and passive smoking is extremely dangerous on them. Some of its effects on children are; asthmatic attacks, it may affect the mental growth of children. Studies also show that exposing children to passive smoking makes them more vulnerable to bronchitis and pneumonia, and will most likely be admitted in hospital for treatment in their first year of life. Passive smoking also causes fertility problems in women. Women affected by passive smoking have a 68% chance of developing fertility complications than those who have not been exposed. They may experience miscarriages and may find it very difficult to

Managing Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Diversity - Assignment Example This research intends to provide a more integrated perspective considering the difficulties in forming the conceptual links and difficulty in the comparability of constructs of measure and measurement. The common argument is that motivation denotes the best umbrella that includes all members and sub units of any organization and does not pin down a measurable construct. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to the motivation that sources from within an individual rather than from any other external sources like rewards, salary increase and or grade improvement. This motivation comes from the pleasure that an individual gets from the task he is pursuing or the sense of satisfaction on completion of a certain given task (Lucas, 2012). An intrinsically motivated person will function willingly because the task he is performing is enjoyable or has passion for it. He works to solve a problem that is challenging and provide a sense of pleasure and task completion too (Bennett, 20 04). The dire point of reference is that the intrinsically motivated person does not work because of the reward attached to the task but works g to get enjoyment from the task. However, this does not mean that the intrinsic motivated person does not seek for rewards but it rather means that the external reward is not enough to keep the person motivated. For example in a tamed case, a student may want to get a good grade on a given assignment, however, if the assignment is not interesting, the possibility of a good grade is not sufficient to maintain students motivation in the projects efforts. Psychologists argue that people perform better when they perform a task because they have passion for it rather than when a reward is designated (Tony, 2002). There is a current common question whether or not the extrinsic motivation top a persons has an effect on the intrinsic motivation. Researches have shown that having an extrinsic motivation fir something that would naturally be intrinsic ally motivated decreases the intrinsic motivation (Wilson, 2005). Researches have shown that, how an individual perceives the rewards determines whether it has effect on the intrinsic motivation. For example, an athlete may feel that the reward may be due to his foreseen incompetency and this significantly lower his intrinsic motivation. Another athlete may be extrinsically rewarded and directly translate to a positive feedback. The common argument is that individuals differ enormously in what makes them happy. There is no reason as to why money or grades for students should not improve their performance what matters are the individual difference and the different motivation ways (Lucas, 2012). All researchers have assumed that rewards simply make the person less interested in the intrinsic joys of an activity. Rewards may generally cause an individual to pursue an individual less because of the effects that come along with the rewarding like performance anxiety. Therefore, the gene ral impression that comes along with extrinsic rewarding is that, rewarding undermines the intrinsic motivation (Bennett, 2004). Too many studies have supposedly proved that intrinsic motivation has serious flaws in logic and too many uncontrolled variables that requires more scientific rigor. Ethnocentrism This is the habit of looking at the world primarily from the dimension of ethnic culture an event, which has proven significant in the social sciences (Lucas, 2012). Ethnocentric has bias